Peer-reviewed publications

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: ketogenic diets

Leaf, A., Rothschild, J. A., Sharpe, T. M., Sims, S. T., Macias, C. J., Futch, G. G., Roberts, M. D., Stout, J. R., Ormsbee, M. J., Aragon, A. A., Campbell, B. I., Arent, S. M., D'Agostino, D. P., Barrack, M. T., Kerksick, C. M., Kreider, R. B., Kalman, D. S., & Antonio, J. (2024). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 21(1), 2368167.

An ISSN position stand is an invited review, written by a panel the journal's editors and research committee select. This one sets out the society's position on ketogenic diets in healthy exercising adults, covering performance and body composition.

PubMed, PMID 38934469. Open access.

Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle

Dieter, B. P., Macias, C. J., Sharpe, T. J., Roberts, B., et al. (2021). Comparative Exercise Physiology, 17(5), 429.

A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study in ten Thoroughbred racehorses, using serial muscle biopsies to measure whether carnosine applied to the skin reaches the muscle underneath. It does. Intramuscular carnosine was roughly 35 percent higher at thirty minutes and 46 percent higher at sixty minutes against placebo. The paper established that the delivery route works, which the human performance studies had assumed rather than demonstrated.

Comparative Exercise Physiology. Subscription required. Published under the initials T. J. Sharpe, a publisher error that was never corrected.

Evaluation of the efficacy of LactiGo topical gel as an ergogenic aid

Sharpe, T. M., & Macias, C. J. (2016). Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 19(3), 15–23.

Eleven elite male soccer players completed a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test and three all-out 1000 metre runs, with and without a topical carnosine preparation. Average time across the 1000 metre trials improved by about four percent. This was the first published human trial of the approach, and later work in the field continues to use it as the reference point, including a 2025 study in world-class rugby sevens players.

Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. Open access.